Bolivia’s President Rodrigo Paz on Saturday declared a state of emergency that gives the military broad power to remove road blockades that have choked fuel and food supplies in Bolivia’s seat of government and other major cities. The decree hands more force to the apparatus already moving against protesters after five weeks of demonstrations over austerity measures, including the cancellation of fuel subsidies, and other grievances.
Who Pays for “Order”
The people at the bottom are already paying the bill. Barricades on key roads have effectively isolated the city of La Paz, triggering fuel and food shortages, paralyzing transportation and preventing patients from reaching hospitals, according to the government. At least 17 people have died, most of them linked to a lack of medical care caused by transportation disruptions, according to Bolivia’s ombudsman’s office and human rights organizations. The government says at least seven deaths were for lack of medical attention. Authorities also say the demonstrations have led to at least 365 arrests and 37 injuries.
The protests have brought violent confrontations between dynamite-wielding demonstrators and riot police, a familiar scene when the state and its enforcers move to restore “order” over people who have blocked the roads to make themselves heard. As businesses closed over the course of the protests, supermarket shelves emptied and hospitals ran out of oxygen, calls from some sectors of society escalated for Paz to restore order through force.
What the Protesters Demanded
The demonstrations over the last five weeks have called for Paz to step down over austerity measures imposed by the government, including the cancellation of fuel subsidies, and other issues. Highland Indigenous and rural workers’ groups, who long supported MAS but helped vault Paz to power last year, have led the protests, accusing his government of neglecting their needs since entering office.
On Friday night, Paz signed an agreement with one of the labor unions, whose leaders called for the blockades to be lifted. But other protesters have demanded that Paz resign and refused to negotiate. The split shows the usual pressure-cooker dynamic: one channel of negotiation opened, while others stayed outside the room and kept demanding a break with the whole arrangement.
The State’s Answer
Paz said the state of emergency is intended to guarantee fuel supplies, which have become increasingly scarce as roadblocks have left tanker trucks stranded. In a televised address to the nation, he said: “This is not a state of emergency to restrict people’s lives. It is a state of emergency to give people back their freedom.” The decree prohibits “blocking streets, avenues, roads and highways in ways that affect transportation and supplies,” and orders the armed forces to temporarily support the police “in restoring order, reopening roads and protecting the population.”
The state of emergency doesn’t limit due process rights or constitutional guarantees and allows people to continue their daily activities, according to the decree. It will last 90 days, but could be lifted earlier if “violence and threats against the population come to an end,” the government said in a statement.
Paz came to power in November, ending almost 20 years of uninterrupted rule by Bolivia’s Movement Toward Socialism party, or MAS, which delivered the country’s worst economic crisis in a generation. A centrist who triumphed over more conservative candidates, Paz promised to resolve chronic fuel shortages and replenish the central bank’s almost-empty coffers, while protecting the social welfare that represented a pillar of MAS’ popularity. But his austerity measures, most significantly the elimination of long-standing fuel subsidies, have exacerbated biting inflation. His government fixed fuel shortages, but with poor-quality gasoline that damaged thousands of vehicles. Reforms to encourage foreign investment and stimulate economic growth have stalled in Congress.
The highland Indigenous and rural workers’ groups have led the protests, accusing his government of neglecting their needs since entering office. He faces rising pressure from both Bolivia’s hard-right, which dominates Congress, and long-ruling left. Former President Evo Morales has supported the protests and demanded a new election from his hideout in the coca-growing tropics, where he is evading an arrest warrant on charges related to statutory rape.
Outside powers are circling too. The Trump administration has backed Paz, who repaired relations with the U.S. after years of anti-Western hostility in Bolivia under Morales. U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio called Paz to inform him last week that Washington was “ramping up emergency assistance and logistics operations support” to help alleviate shortages caused by the blockades. U.S. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth denounced the protests as “attempts to overthrow the legitimate government,” and issued a warning to those who he said were “profiting on death and destruction in our hemisphere.” “The United States is watching,” he wrote on X.