Indigenous organizations from across the Amazon and Latin America sent a letter Monday to the United Nations warning that organized crime—including illegal mining, drug trafficking and logging—is driving violence and accelerating environmental destruction in rainforest communities, while urging governments to avoid heavily militarized responses in Indigenous territories.
The letter, addressed to U.N. member states and agencies including the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime and the U.N. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, says criminal networks are expanding across parts of the Amazon and other Indigenous lands in Latin America, threatening communities, ecosystems and local governance. The document was signed by major Indigenous organizations including the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin, known as COICA, Brazil's Indigenous umbrella organization APIB, Peru's AIDESEP and Ecuador's CONAIE, along with dozens of regional Indigenous federations and international advocacy groups.
Criminal Networks Expanding Control
The appeal comes as Indigenous communities across the Amazon increasingly find themselves caught between expanding criminal networks and state security operations. In recent years, illegal gold mining, logging and drug trafficking have spread deeper into remote rainforest regions in countries including Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador, bringing violence, mercury contamination and deforestation.
Raphael Hoetmer, Western Amazon Program Director at Amazon Watch, an environmental and Indigenous rights advocacy group, said the letter reflects a growing sense of urgency among Indigenous organizations as these threats expand. "More and more Indigenous Peoples are experiencing the violence and impacts of illicit economies in their territories, so it is higher on the agenda," he said, adding, "Even four years ago this was not a central topic for most of our partners, but now it is one of the central topics for the wide majority."
Hoetmer said the expansion of organized crime is increasingly shaping life across large parts of the Amazon. "The expansion and control of organized crime and violent conflict is taking over more and more of the Amazon, becoming a risk to their ways of living and to the global climate," he said.
Violence and Governance Breakdown
International rights groups and U.N. experts have raised concerns about rising attacks on Indigenous leaders and environmental defenders linked to disputes over land, natural resources and illicit economies across the Amazon. Global Witness says at least 2,253 land and environmental defenders have been killed or disappeared globally between 2012 and 2024, with Latin America accounting for the vast majority of cases.
In Peru, five men are on trial over the 2023 killing of Indigenous defender Quinto Inuma Alvarado, who had repeatedly denounced illegal logging and drug trafficking in his territory. Rights groups say most similar killings in the region go unpunished.
The letter warns that these dynamics are not only driving environmental destruction but also weakening Indigenous governance and territorial control. Illegal gold mining in particular has become a major driver of deforestation and mercury contamination across parts of the Amazon, while armed groups and trafficking networks have sought control over strategic river routes and Indigenous lands.
Jeremy Douglas, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Deputy Director of Operations, said in written comments, "Drug trafficking in the Amazon often connects with illegal mining, logging and land grabbing—a criminal ecosystem where environmental degradation disproportionately impacts local populations and Indigenous people." He added, "Pushing back requires territorial protection, prioritizing environmental crimes, and cooperation against transnational organized crime networks active across the Amazon."
At the time of sending the comments, the U.N. agency said it had not yet seen the Indigenous organizations' letter and that the response should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its contents. UNODC said its offices in Latin America are working with Indigenous communities and national authorities to strengthen territorial protection and combat environmental crimes tied to organized criminal networks.
Militarization Concerns
Ercilia Castañeda, vice president of Ecuador's largest Indigenous organization, the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, or CONAIE, said governments have increasingly responded to organized crime and illegal mining with militarization that has failed to resolve the crisis in many Indigenous territories. "Militarization has not provided answers," she said. She said some communities have faced displacement, fear and psychological harm, and added, "It has affected their relationship with the land, with the water, with sacred sites, with their spiritual life," and, "We are talking about a deterioration of the identity and life of Indigenous peoples."
Herlín Odicio, vice president of Organización Regional AIDESEP Ucayali, or ORAU, an Indigenous organization representing communities in Peru's Amazon region of Ucayali, said organized crime groups have increasingly adapted how they operate in Indigenous territories. "Organized crime in Indigenous territories has changed its strategies significantly," he said. "They no longer make direct threats. Now they use other strategies."
Odicio said criminal groups are increasingly embedding themselves in local political structures and campaigns to maintain influence and continue operating in Indigenous territories. He said the expansion of organized crime has deeply affected Indigenous communities, where poverty and the absence of state services leave many vulnerable to recruitment into illegal activities. "They recruit young people to work as 'mochileros,'" referring to people used to transport drugs or supplies through remote areas, he said. "Then, in the end, when they no longer want them or do not want to pay them, they kill them."
Odicio also warned of growing sexual exploitation of Indigenous girls in communities and border areas affected by criminal groups, some as young as 13 and 14, he said.
In the letter, organizations say that government responses focused primarily on military force risk worsening conditions for Indigenous communities if they fail to recognize Indigenous territorial rights and systems of self-governance. "In light of this situation, it is essential that responses to organized crime and illicit economies do not translate into new processes of militarization, criminalization, or the subordination of Indigenous governance systems," the letter says.
The letter calls on the U.N. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues to conduct a dedicated study on organized crime and illicit economies in Indigenous territories and urged U.N. agencies to include Indigenous perspectives in anti-crime and anti-corruption policies.
Why This Matters:
The expansion of transnational criminal networks across the Amazon represents a direct threat to regional security, rule of law, and economic stability across multiple Latin American nations. The documented presence of organized crime groups engaging in illegal mining, drug trafficking, and logging operations demonstrates the failure of existing governance structures to maintain territorial control and protect property rights in remote regions. With over 2,253 land and environmental defenders killed or disappeared between 2012 and 2024, the breakdown of law enforcement capacity in these areas has created ungoverned spaces where criminal enterprises operate with impunity. The recruitment of vulnerable populations into illegal activities and the exploitation of minors underscore the absence of legitimate economic opportunities and effective state presence. Effective responses must balance security operations with recognition of established governance systems and property rights, while addressing the institutional weaknesses that allow criminal networks to embed themselves in local political structures.