Researchers at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beersheba have developed a porous aerogel that can capture oil spills and help oil-eating bacteria break down crude oil and fuel pollution in marine and aquatic environments. The material can adsorb about 80 to 100 times its own mass in crude oil, fuel, tar and other hydrocarbons, and the team says it could reduce the need to remove and dispose of contaminated adsorption material after treatment.
The work was led in the university's Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory by Prof. Ariel Kushmaro and Dr. Danit Lisa Karsagi Biron of BGU's Faculty of Engineering. They made the aerogel from cellulose fibers that could come from used egg cartons, old newspapers and other paper materials, and enriched it with nitrogen and phosphorus to support oil-degrading bacteria. The team developed it using nutrient enrichment, freeze-drying and pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen, a process that prevents combustion.
How It Works
Kushmaro said the aerogel provides a surface on which bacteria can attach, bringing them into close contact with both the adsorbed hydrocarbons and the nutrients they need. In that way, the system creates conditions that support microbial breakdown of the captured pollutants. The material floats on water, causing oil to clump together, and it takes between two and three weeks for the oil to disappear. If the spill is in the middle of the sea, the material can be dropped from a plane.
The cellular material itself is biodegradable, and waves, currents and changing temperatures won't interfere with the cleanup, Kushmaro said. The technology is undergoing patent recognition through BGN Technologies, BGU's technology commercialization company. The team has a world patent on it, and Shell, the global British multinational energy and petrochemical company, has already contacted the researchers to ask for information about it. The Environmental Protection Ministry knows about it, but it's completely new and needs regulation, Kushmaro said.
The team published its findings in Chemical Engineering Journal Advances under the title "Nutrient-supplemented carbonized aerogels for integrated oil adsorption and biodegradation in water." Kushmaro said the most unusual aspect of the invention isn't only that the aerogel absorbs 100 times its weight, but that it turns the material into a habitat for oil-eating bacteria so that capture and biological cleanup happen together.
Israel's Vulnerability to Oil Spills
The article also revisited a study from 1999 to 2002 that began with identifying the environmental sensitivity of Israel's Mediterranean coastline to marine oil spills. That study included GIS sensitivity mapping and an analysis of the environmental vulnerability of Israel's shoreline resources. It examined the main sources of risk for maritime accidents in the southeastern Mediterranean, developed scenarios for possible oil spill incidents and analyzed protection priorities for coastal ecosystems in the event of a large spill.
The study described the form and structure of Israel's coastline, measured the physical features of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers, and examined meteorological patterns that dominate and control shoreline dynamics, as well as the potential for major oil spills. It also studied the different ways oil spills can affect natural ecosystems and socio-economic resources along the coastline of Israel. The study aimed to determine the relative sensitivity of different types of shoreline and to prioritize shoreline and coastal resources to be protected after a large oil spill, and it presented and analyzed data in a clear and useful way for scientific and environmental communities and national authorities responsible for oil spill preparedness and response.
One conclusion of that study was that the sensitivity of the Israeli Mediterranean coastline to oil spills could be considered moderate compared with other fragile ecosystems, mainly because of the form of the sandy beaches and the high exposure of most types of beaches to energetic natural cleanup processes. But ecosystems, habitats, shoreline types and coastal resources along the southeastern Mediterranean coastline are still sensitive to oil spills. The 195 km of Israel's Mediterranean shoreline, from the chalky limestone vertical cliffs of Rosh Hanikra on the border with Lebanon to the white sandy beaches of Erez that border the Gaza Strip, are exposed to winds and surface sea current systems and heavy traffic of oil tankers in the eastern Mediterranean, creating a constant threat of a serious oil pollution incident.
Lessons From 2021
Kushmaro said tar has stained nearly 160 km of Israel's coastline and that there are still tar remnants from the 2021 disaster on some beaches. The spill was called one of the most serious ecological disasters in the country's history. Israeli environmental protection agencies admitted then that the government was underfunded to deal with such disasters and that there wasn't adequate legislation in place to prevent such a disaster in the future.
Kushmaro said he earned his doctorate with distinction from Tel Aviv University and trained as a postdoctoral fellow at the Hebrew University's Kevin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and at Harvard University. He joined BGU in 2001 and established the microbial ecology and microbial biotechnology lab, which focuses on wastewater microbiology, marine microbial ecology and the antimicrobial activity of various microorganisms. He and his team would most like to test the aerogel in a polluted marina because, as he put it, there's oil in all the ports.
Why This Matters:
The development comes in the fifth year since Israel's catastrophic 2021 oil spill, which exposed deep gaps in the country's environmental preparedness and regulatory framework. Israeli environmental protection agencies acknowledged at the time that the government was underfunded to deal with such disasters and lacked adequate legislation to prevent future incidents. With Israel's 195-kilometer Mediterranean coastline exposed to heavy tanker traffic and constant pollution risk, the aerogel represents not just a technological advance but a potential policy tool — if regulators can move quickly enough to authorize its use. The admission that tar remnants still linger on beaches years later underscores the long-term environmental cost of inadequate spill response capacity. The technology's biodegradability and ability to work without human retrieval could address the funding and logistical constraints that left Israel vulnerable in 2021, but only if the Environmental Protection Ministry moves beyond awareness to implementation.